How to reference

You need to use the APA 7 system of referencing to show when you have used information from somewhere else in your Open Polytechnic assessments. This means including a reference list and in-text citations to acknowledge where your information came from. These follow a specific style and format.

This page includes some examples and tips for:

how to include in-text citations for paraphrases and quotes, and how to summarise
how this relates to your reference list.
tools you can use to help with your referencing.

For more detailed information and examples, see our:

Guide to APA referencing (PDF 395.11 KB; opens in a new window)

APA referencing, Open Polytechnic Library

Tip – Assessment marks may be awarded for referencing so be sure to check.

Using information from other sources

You must reference any source you refer to in your assessment, i.e. ANY words, ideas, images or information taken from ANY source requires referencing.

Referencing involves two parts, full references and in-text citations:

What’s the difference between full references and in-text citations?

Full references:

are listed alphabetically (usually by author or editor) at the end of your assessment.
show the full details of the sources of information you referred to in your assessment.

Here is an example of a full reference for a webpage:

Summers, T. (2023). Kaupapa Māori and leadership in early childhood education. Education Hub. https://theeducationhub.org.nz/kaupapa-maori-and-leadership-in-early-childhood-education/

See more examples in the Open Polytechnic APA Referencing guide

Note: Put your reference list at the end of your assessment, starting on a new page labelled 'References'.

In-text citations:

are used when you paraphrase or quote a source to support a particular statement or idea in your writing
are short and occur in the body of your text, along with the information used from the source, e.g.

For Māori, knowledge of whakapapa, knowing one's originals, is fundamental to leadership (Summers, 2023).
link to a corresponding full reference (you can see the full reference example for Summers above)
are formatted slightly differently, depending on whether you are paraphrasing or quoting.

See further examples of in-text citations under Paraphrasing or Quotations below.

How the reference list and in-text citations connect

The diagram below shows how the reference list and in-text citations connect:

the highlighted parts in the top section are the in-text citations within the body of your assessment
the arrows highlight which full reference each citation belongs with. The full references show the reader where the information comes from. The reference list goes at the end of your assessment.

Ways to include information from other sources

There are three ways to include information from other sources in your assessments:

Paraphrasing – when you re-phrase information into your own words, while keeping the essential ideas of the original source.
Quotations (also called a quote or direct quote) – when you use the exact words from the original source without making any changes.
Summarising – when you sum up a longer piece of work in your own words, focusing on the author’s main points.

For all three you need to reference the source using the two parts to APA referencing: an in-text citation each time you refer to the source within your assessment, and a full reference to the source on your references list at the end of your assessment.

Quoting vs paraphrasing APA style - Aplus Essays video

Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you rewrite something in your own words, without changing the original meaning. It is often preferred over quoting in an assessment as it shows your understanding of the ideas of the author. You must include an in-text citation with your paraphrase – see the example below.

Tips for paraphrasing:

make sure you understand the meaning of the text you are paraphrasing
write the main ideas in your own words – note, paraphrasing is more than changing the order of a sentence or using a few synonyms. Re-write it completely
try doing this without looking at the text
check what you write against the original to ensure you have the meaning right
when necessary, highly technical or specialised words can be included as a partial quote (enclosed in quotation marks) within your paraphrase. If you do, remember to include a page number.

When you paraphrase it is also important to specify where you got your information with an in-text citation. For example:

Quotations

Generally, you should use quotations sparingly. You are usually encouraged to try and paraphrase as much as possible to show your understanding of the information.

Use quotations for:

exact definitions
when you want to show an author’s exact position, or
when it’s too difficult to paraphrase a short technical statement.

It's always good to back up the quote with examples or discussion.

There are two types of quotes, long quotes and short quotes. Each has different formatting:

a short quote should contain fewer than 40 words.
a long quote, also called a block quote, is for 40 words or more.

Short quote

Here's an example of a short direct quote. Notice the punctuation, particularly the double quotation marks around the quoted words. The in-text citation also includes a page number (for sources without pages, e.g. websites, include section heading and/or paragraph number, e.g. (Smith, 2019, Predictions, para. 4).

Long quote

A long quote, also called a block quote, is for quotes of 40 words or more. In the example below notice that:

the quote is not placed in quotation marks; instead it is dropped to the next line and indented
the page number is included after the quote.

Summarising

Summarising is when you write a brief overview of a longer piece of work in your own words. This could be a book, chapter or article. Summaries are much shorter than the original text, but include the author’s main points. Below is an example of an article summary:

Malcolm, J. (2018). The importance of “maths talk” in early childhood. Young Learners, 9(12). 33-35.

In this article, Jennifer Malcolm discusses the role early childhood carers can play in helping young children develop their mathematical knowledge. She cites several studies which show that regular use of mathematical language by a carer, integrated into the day, provides children with a way to both express and further their own knowledge of mathematical concepts. Along with specific number vocabulary, Malcolm suggests key strategies for carers to use with young children including connection making, discussion, comparison and prediction.

Like quotes and paraphrasing they must be attributed to the original author.

Strategies to help you include in-text citations

Reporting words and linking or transition words are important techniques to use when adding in-text references to your writing.

Reporting words

Reporting words can show an author’s point of view or position on a topic. Here’s some examples of how you might use a reporting word, when referring to someone else’s work:

According to Grady et al. (2019), emotions are
Peart (2018) argues that …

Here are a range of reporting words that you might like to try:

According to
Assert(s)
Argue(s)
Address(es)
Claim(s)
Conclude(s)
Define(s)
Establish(ed)
Found/finds

Maintain(s)
Mention(s)
Outline(s)
Predict(s)
Promote(s)
Report(s)
Show(s)
State(s)
Suggest(s)

Linking words

Here is a range of linking words you might like to try.

Sequence:

Addition:

Example:

Tip – The more you use linking words, the better you will become at writing.

Do you need more help with referencing?

If you need more help with referencing, there are a few options you could use.

Contact our Library & Learning Centre

If you want to talk to someone to get help with referencing, contact the Library & Learning Centre | Te Whare Pukapuka Wāhanga Whakpakari Ako. Whether it’s all new to you or you are confident and need some help to reference something a little different, get in touch:

0508 650 200, Option 3
library@openpolytechnic.ac.nz.

Also see the Library & Learning Centre's page on APA referencing.

Study Toolkit

The Study Toolkit (available on your iQualify dashboard) has lots of information on referencing, quoting & paraphrasing and plagiarism.